人物 · People

司马迁

Sima Qian

司马迁是西汉史家，继任太史令并撰成《史记》；这部一百三十篇的纪传体通史以本纪、表、书、世家和列传组织传说时代至汉武帝时期的材料，但作者叙事、所引文献、后世注释与考古发现仍需分层阅读。

Sima Qian was a Western Han historian who succeeded to the office of Grand Historian and composed the 130-chapter Shiji. Its annals, tables, treatises, hereditary houses and biographies organize material from legendary antiquity to the age of Emperor Wu, but authorial narrative, cited records, later commentary and archaeology still require separate evaluation.

地区
陕西韩城、长安及考察行迹地Hancheng, Chang'an and places connected with his travels
时代
西汉，约公元前145年至前1世纪末Western Han, approximately 145 BCE to the late first century BCE
阅读
11 分钟2 项来源

VERIFIED NOTES

可核查要点

  • 司马迁约生于公元前 145 年，父亲司马谈去世后继任太史令；其卒年存在不同说法，学习资料不应把单一推定写成确定日期。
  • 《史记》共一百三十篇，由十二本纪、十表、八书、三十世家和七十列传组成，以不同体例连接人物、制度、年代与事件。
  • UNESCO 对秦始皇陵的说明同时引用司马迁记载与遗址、墓葬、兵马俑和出土器物；文献叙事与考古材料能够互证，也可能留下尚待解释的差异。

01

历史坐标

Historical context

司马迁是西汉史家，继任太史令并撰成《史记》；这部一百三十篇的纪传体通史以本纪、表、书、世家和列传组织传说时代至汉武帝时期的材料，但作者叙事、所引文献、后世注释与考古发现仍需分层阅读。

Sima Qian was a Western Han historian who succeeded to the office of Grand Historian and composed the 130-chapter Shiji. Its annals, tables, treatises, hereditary houses and biographies organize material from legendary antiquity to the age of Emperor Wu, but authorial narrative, cited records, later commentary and archaeology still require separate evaluation.

02

核心看点

What to notice

读《史记》可以画“篇名—体例—叙事者—所引材料—时间距离—外部旁证”六栏：先确认本纪、表、书、世家或列传，再区分司马迁直接陈述、人物言语、旧闻转述与后人注释。遇到秦始皇陵等可与遗址对读的主题，应把文本记载、出土位置、器物年代和研究判断分别标明，既不因考古发现而把全部叙事当作实录，也不因文学性而否定其史料价值。

Read the Shiji through chapter, genre, narrator, cited material, temporal distance and external corroboration. Identify whether a passage is an annal, table, treatise, hereditary house or biography, then distinguish Sima Qian's narration, attributed speech, reported tradition and later commentary. For subjects such as the First Qin Emperor's mausoleum, label textual claims, find locations, object dates and scholarly interpretation separately: archaeology does not turn every narrative into a transcript, while literary craft does not erase historical value.

03

延续与学习

Continuity and learning

今天接触《史记》通常经过标点本、校勘、注释、白话翻译或数字数据库。学习者应记录篇名、版本、注释者、出版信息和引文位置，保留“约、据称、后世称誉”等限定词；“史学之父”等称号属于接受史，司马迁祠墓、展览与开放安排也不是汉代文本本身，并需按日期核对。

Most readers now meet the Shiji through punctuated editions, textual collation, commentary, modern translation or digital databases. Record chapter, edition, commentator, publication and citation location, preserving qualifiers such as approximately, reportedly and later acclaimed. Titles such as 'father of Chinese historiography' belong to reception history, while memorial sites, exhibitions and access arrangements are not the Han text and require dated checks.

SOURCES

出处与延伸阅读

  1. 1. 中国史学的奠基之作《史记》

    陕西省地方志办公室 · 访问 2026-08-02

  2. 2. Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

    UNESCO World Heritage Centre · 访问 2026-08-02

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